The Teddy Bear Clinic: Engaging School-Aged Children in Health Education.

This article describes the use of play therapy in a school-based health clinic on an American Indian Reservation. The project used the play therapy model, a nursing intervention focused on using play materials in a therapeutic manner as a form of communication and self-expression for children, enhancing the development of social, emotional, and behavioral skills through the nursing process. The purpose of the Teddy Bear Clinic was to establish relationships among non-Native student nurses and Native American children and their community on a Northern Plains Indian Reservation. A discussion of the potential benefits addresses opportunities for school nurses and student nurses to enhance their understanding of children's perceptions of the health care clinic and the effects of historical trauma on the health and wellbeing of Native American children while offering an opportunity for young children to engage in the health care setting in a fun way, without fear or discomfort is provided.

Environmental risk management: A participatory diagnosis from a rural school in Colombia.

The rural population is potentially exposed to several environmental risks. Environmental risk management is a recurring challenge in rural educational communities that are far from large urban areas. Assessing and identifying the knowledge on prevention and response to environmental risks and natural disasters is fundamental for planning and designing educational programs for communities to face disasters. This article presented the practical application of a participatory methodology to obtain information about the knowledge and experience in the prevention and attention of environmental threats and natural disasters in the rural school Las Huacas, village of Quintana, municipality of Popayán, in the region of Cauca, Colombia. The diagnosis methodology consisted of three phases: preparatory, fieldwork and analytical. The participatory diagnosis allowed the construction of instruments and tools for social interaction, the conduction of dynamic workshops and the systematisation of the collected information. The results evidenced the lack of knowledge on environmental disasters and how parents and children must face them. The absence of communication facilities implied a high degree of vulnerability, which was compensated with the awareness, commitment and participation in the processes led by the educational community. The next challenge is the participatory construction of a scholar environmental risk-management plan supported on appropriated information and communication technologies. Contribution: This article presents the practical application of a participatory methodology to obtain information about the rural context and the knowledge and experience in the prevention and attention of environmental threats and natural disasters in a rural school in Cauca, Colombia.

Board game-based intervention to improve executive functions and academic skills in rural schools: A randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: This research intends to increase the knowledge about the use of board games in the classroom to train executive functions and academic skills. 99 children from rural schools were assessed in executive functions and academic skills. METHODS: Through a randomized controlled trial, they were assigned to a playing group (n = 51) and an active control group (regular classes without games, n = 48). Play program consisted of 12 sessions for 6 weeks with eight commercial board games. RESULTS: In flexibility, the playing group was significantly faster after the program (p= = .01, d = 0.76), but not the control group (p = .23; d = 0.35). Both groups improved in the academic tasks, but the significance in calculus was greater in the playing group (p = .00; d = 2.19) than in the control group (p = .01; d = 0.97). DISCUSION: The use of board games during school hours could be as good or better methodology for cognitive training and learning academic skills than regular classes.

El bullying: una mirada desde los niños y las niñas / Bullying: A scope from boys and girls / Bullying: Um olhar de meninos e meninas

(analítico) Se presentan los resultados sobre cómo se comprende y se asume el bullying, en tanto problema escolar y social, desde la perspectiva infantil. Para ello, se realizó una investigación cualitativa, hermenéutico-comprensiva, con grupos focales mediados por títeres o videos, producción gráfica y narración de historias. Los participantes fueron 626 estudiantes de 5 a 7 años. La comprensión transitó por elementos congruentes con la teoría, como exclusión, acoso verbal, afectación de pertenencias y una nueva tipología: falta de solidaridad. En cuanto a las experiencias, precisan las burlas, el acoso físico y el hurto, asociadas al contexto familiar o a ninguna, estas últimas por la confluencia del espacio escolar y la familia en un mismo lugar en tiempos de educación remota. En cuanto a la solución, está apela a figuras de autoridad, familiares, asumir actitudes reconciliadoras o al juego.

(analytical) The paper presents the results on how bullying, as scholar and social problem, is understood and assumed from the child's perspective. Therefore, a qualitative, hermeneutic-comprehensive research was carried out and focus groups were done by means of moppets and videos, graphic production, and storytelling. The participants were 626 students from 5 to 7 years old. The understanding went through elements consistent with the theory, such as exclusion, verbal harassment, affectation of be-longings and a new typology, lack of solidarity. Regarding the experiences, they specify teasing, physical harassment, theft, associated with the family context or none, the latter due to the confluence of the school space and the family in the same place in times of remote education. As for the solution, it is appealing to authority figures, relatives, assuming reconciliatory attitudes and playing.

(analítico) O artigo apresenta os resultados sobre como o bullying, como um problema social e escolar, é compreendido e assumido na perspectiva da criança. Para isso, realizou-se uma investigação qualitativa, hermenêutica-compreensiva e grupos focais mediados por fantoches ou vídeos, produção gráfica e contação de histórias; os participantes foram 626 alunos de 5 a 7 anos. O entendimento passou por elementos condizentes com a teoria, como exclusão, assédio verbal, afetação de pertences e uma nova tipologia, falta de solidariedade. Quanto às vivências, especificam provocações, assédios físicos, furtos, associados ao contexto familiar ou nenhum, este último devido à confluência do espaço escolar e da família no mesmo local em tempos de educação a distância. Quanto à solução, é apelar a figuras de autoridade, familiares, assumindo atitudes de conciliação e brincadeiras.

Factors impacting implementation of nutrition and physical activity policies in rural schools.

BACKGROUND: Rural Latino children have higher rates of obesity compared to non-Latino Whites. Schools are in a unique position to address rural childhood obesity through policies. While evidence exists on factors that promote or impede school-based physical activity (PA) and nutrition policies, only a fraction has been in rural communities. This study seeks to understand 1) the knowledge and perceptions of school nutrition and PA policies and 2) barriers and facilitators to their implementation among rural school stakeholders from Washington State. METHODS: We conducted 20 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with school stakeholders (e.g., principals and school nutrition directors) from four K-12 school districts in the Lower Yakima Valley of Eastern Washington State. Thematic analysis was conducted using inductive, constant comparison approach to identify themes around knowledge and perceptions of policies and barriers and facilitators of policy implementation. RESULTS: Three main themes were identified: perceptions and knowledge of school PA and nutrition policies, barriers to policy implementation, and facilitators of policy implementation. The majority of stakeholders were supportive of school-based policies promoting PA and a healthy diet, even when lacking a specific understanding of these policies. Four subthemes were identified as barriers to policy implementation: viewing PA as a low priority, misuse of recess time, funding constraints, and lack of strong leadership. Facilitators of implementation included strong leadership at the district level, creating healthy norms through school-community linkages and pooling community resources to improve nutrition and PA among children. CONCLUSIONS: Schools provide a unique setting to promote healthy diet and PA behaviors among children and their families. Study findings show that while knowledge of specific nutrition and PA policies may vary, support for such policies were high among rural stakeholders. Study findings can inform policy development and support strategies for policy implementation in rural settings. Future studies may want to examine whether implementation of strategies addressing the barriers and enhancing facilitators lead to success in rural school settings.

The Influence of a 9-Week Movement Program on the Body Composition of 7- to 8-Year-Old Schoolchildren in the Eastern Cape of South Africa.

Pediatric obesity has become a growing global epidemic which has negative health consequences, including for South African children. This study aimed to determine the immediate and sustainable influences of a 9-week movement program on the body composition of 7 to 8-year-old school children in a rural area of South Africa. A two group, pre-test, post-test and re-test after six months experimental design was used to compare anthropometric measurements of the intervention group (IG) and control group (CG). Ninety-three schoolchildren (IG = 57; CG = 36) participated in the study. A 9-week movement program was followed twice a week for 30 min during school hours with an emphasis on improving BMI. Hierarchical Linear Modelling (HLM) was used to analyze the data with time, sex and group as predictors. Effect sizes was computed based on the Cohen's d to assess the practical significance of findings. The intervention positively changed the waist circumference. The subscapular skinfold and BMI showed statistical and practically significant sustainable changes because of the intervention, although gender influenced these effects. School based movement interventions, focusing on improving fundamental movement skills (FMS), have the potential to contribute to a healthier BMI, skinfold thickness and circumferences among young children.

Rural School Nurses Face Challenges in Colorado: A Qualitative Study.

Rural school nurses are on the front lines of providing health care for children and families in rural Colorado, but there is little research from their perspective. To fill this gap, a descriptive phenomenological study examined the experiences of nine rural school nurses through in-person audiotaped interviews. Analysis of data revealed three main themes: (1) rural school nurses' efforts to meet students' extensive physical and mental health issues, (2) school nurses struggle to help rural students in extreme poverty, and (3) communication challenges experienced by rural school nurses. The findings of this study give voice to the experiences and challenges faced by rural school nurses in southern Colorado.

The built environment impacts on route choice from home to school for rural students: A stated preference experiment.

Introduction: Rural roads and built environment in China have been developed enormously, but it is not clear whether these roads fulfill the needs of school children as they need to travel long to school every day. Objective: It is crucial to understand the influencing factors of their travel mode choices to better design future country roads and built environment, aiming to promote physical activities of school children in a safe built environment. Method: This study thus attempts to explore the impacts of rural built environment attributes on children's school travel mode preferences. Eight rural built environment attributes are considered: distance from home to school; the number of intersections passed on the way to school; whether there are sidewalks/bicycle lanes; the traffic speed of school access routes; whether there are separation facilities between motor vehicles and non-motor vehicles; whether there are traffic lights and zebra crossings; availability of greenery such as lawns, flower ponds and street trees and whether there are shops on the way to school and at the school gate. Six hundred and thirty eight valid questionnaires were obtained through face-to-face interviews with school-age children in villages. A multinomial logit model was estimated to unravel the preferences and choices of rural school-age children in different models of school travel using the stated choice data. Results: All the eight attributes have significant impacts on rural children's school travel choices on foot, bicycle, electric bicycle or motorbike. And four rural road design attributes have significant effects on rural children's school travel by private cars. A travel path with pavements or bike lanes, few intersections, low traffic speeds, greenery and shops can facilitate children's school travels on foot or by bike. The conclusions can provide reference for the further upgrading planning, designing and construction of rural roads, as well as enriching the theory and practice of child-friendly villages construction.

"It Hits the Spot": The Impact of a Professional Development Program on English Teacher Wellbeing in Underdeveloped Regions.

In poor and remote areas, teachers frequently encounter serious ongoing challenges and experience teacher exhaustion due to the uneven distribution of resource supply, and a shortage of professional support. Maintaining teachers' professional wellbeing in an unfavorable teaching environment has become a major challenge. The current study explores teachers' professional wellbeing in the context of a five-month-long professional development program designed for teachers in areas of deep poverty in China. This study adopted the method of narrative enquiry and collected diaries written before and after the program from 46 primary school English teachers. Based on the manually analyzed data, it was found that teachers' overall wellbeing at work was enhanced in terms of their professional meaning, engagement, and achievement. The systematic analysis of the diaries helped to better understand how the program exerted such an effect on teachers' learning experiences and their wellbeing.

Bullying/Cyberbullying en Quinto y Sexto Curso de Educación Primaria: Diferencias entre Contextos Rurales y Urbanos / Bullying/cyberbullying in 5th and 6th year of primary education: Differences between rural and urban areas

El objetivo del estudio ha sido analizar las diferencias de bullying (tradicional y cyberbullying) en contextos rurales y urbanos. Ha participado un total de 2,162 estudiantes de 5º (52.7%) y 6º (47.3%) de Educación Primaria, un 49.3% en contexto urbano y 50.7% en contexto rural. Los resultados indican un porcentaje de intervención similar en colegios de contexto urbano y de contexto rural. Sin embargo, en los colegios rurales se ha encontrado una mayor prevalencia de víctimas de bullying verbal, exclusión y cyberbullying, mientras que en los colegios urbanos hay más alumnos que son agresores de bullying verbal y exclusión. En los colegios rurales la agresión va más dirigida a los compañeros del colegio, mientras que en los colegios urbanos se dirige hacia gente de fuera del colegio. Estos resultados indican que el tamaño de la población en la que se ubican las escuelas puede ser un factor relevante para la intervención.

The aim of this study is to analyse the differences between bullying and cyberbullying in rural and urban areas. The number of students who have participated in this research is 2,162: 52.7% in their 5th year of Primary Education in Spain (ages 10-11) and 47.3 % in their 6th year (ages 11-12) – 50.7% of them were living in the countryside and 49.3% in the city. Although the results showed that the impact of bullying/cyberbullying in rural and urban schools is very similar, some distinctive features have been identified: for example, in rural schools there are more victims of verbal bullying, exclusion, and cyberbullying, whereas in urban schools there is a clear trend of verbal bullying and exclusion. Depending on the context, there is also a significant pattern regarding the victims: in rural schools, victims of this type of abuse are schoolmates, but in urban schools victims and aggressors do not go to the same school. The results also show that the impact of this abuse depends on the size of the city/town where schools are located.

Contexto sociocultural y construcción de identidades en jóvenes de escuelas rurales / Sociocultural context and construction of identities in young people from rural schools

La investigación tiene como objetivo comprender la incidencia de los contextos socioculturales en la cons-trucción de identidades en jóvenes rurales, a través del análisis etnográfico hermenéutico del discurso en estudiantes y un profesor de una institución pública rural de Cundinamarca, Colombia. El estudio fue desarrollado desde un enfoque cualitativo, a través de la etnografía hermenéutica con estudio de caso, con la participación de 16 estudiantes con edades entre los 11 y 15 años, de sexto a noveno de educación básica secundaria, y 1 docente del modelo educativo telesecundaria. Se utilizaron instrumentos y técnicas de recolección de información cualitativas (el protocolo esperanzas y temores, la entrevista estructurada, los relatos de vida y la cartografía social). Los resultados muestran que los contextos socioculturales afectan la enseñanza, el aprendizaje y la construcción de identidades en los jóvenes rurales y que se requieren currículos contextualizados, construidos desde el reconocimiento de los territorios, la comprensión del entorno sociocultural y del trato diferenciado entre las poblaciones, según las condiciones de vulnerabilidad de cada persona, desde una mirada intercultural

The research aims to understand the incidence of sociocultural contexts in the construction of identities in rural youth, through the hermeneutical ethnographic analysis of discourse in students and a teacher in a rural public institution in Cundinamarca Colombia. The study was developed from a qualitative approach, through hermeneutic ethnography with a case study, with the participation of 16 students between the ages of 11 and 15 from sixth to ninth grade of basic secondary education and 1 teacher of the telesecondary educational model. Qualitative information collection tools and techniques were used (the Hopes and Fears protocol, the structured interview, life stories and social cartography). The results show how sociocultural contexts affect teaching, learning and identity construction in rural youth. Contextualized curricula are required, built from the recognition of the territories, the understanding of the sociocultural environment and the differential treatment between populations, according to the vulnerability conditions of each person and from an intercultural perspective

Silenciamento da sexualidade do adolescente no contexto rural / Silencing adolescent sexuality in rural settings / Silenciamiento de la sexualidad del adolescente en el contexto rural

A educação para a sexualidade é um pilar fundamental da saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Contudo, há um distanciamento dessa discussão para adolescentes rurais. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o discurso sobre a sexualidade do adolescente no contexto rural e as perspectivas para romper com a ordens do discurso. Adota como metodologia a pesquisa-ação desenvolvida em duas escolas rurais: uma no Brasil e outra na Colômbia. Para análise dos dados foi aplicada a Análise Crítica do Discurso. A sexualidade do adolescente no contexto da escola rural é atravessada por dispositivos que produzem o silenciamento. A construção da sexualidade é marcada pelos modelos biomédico, biológico e sexista que se exacerbam no contexto rural. É preciso reeducar o conceito de sexualidade como dimensão humanizadora e avançar na discussão sobre como a tecnologia e a mídia interferem nos modos de vida e na sexualidade dos adolescentes no contexto rural. (AU)

Education for sexuality is a central pillar of sexual and reproductive health. However, adolescents living in rural areas are distanced from this discussion. The aim of this article is to analyze the discourse on the sexuality of adolescents living in rural settings and the prospects for breaking with the orders of discourse. It adopts as methodology the action research study in two rural schools in Brazil and Colombia. The data were analyzed using critical discourse analysis. Adolescent sexuality in the context of rural schools is permeated by devices that create silence. The construction of sexuality is characterized by biomedical, biological and sexist models, which are exacerbated in rural settings. It is necessary to reteach the concept of sexuality as a humanizing dimension and make strides in the discussion of how technology and the media interfere in the ways of life and sexuality of adolescents living in rural areas. (AU)

La educación para la sexualidad es un pilar fundamental de la salud sexual y reproductiva. No obstante, hay un distanciamiento de esa discusión para adolescentes rurales. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el discurso sobre la sexualidad del adolescente en el contexto rural y las perspectivas para romper el orden del discurso. Adopta como metodología la investigación-acción desarrollada en dos escuelas rurales, una en Brasil y otra en Colombia. Para el análisis de los datos se adoptó el Análisis Crítico del Discurso. La sexualidad del adolescente en el contexto de la escuela rural está atravesada por dispositivos que producen el silenciamiento. La construcción de la sexualidad está señalada por los modelos biomédico, biológico y sexista que se exacerban en el contexto rural. Es preciso reeducar el concepto de sexualidad como dimensión humanizadora y avanzar en la discusión sobre cómo la tecnología y los medios interfieren en los modos de vida y en la sexualidad de los adolecentes en el contexto rural. (AU)

Trabalho e Educação: Um Estudo de Caso com Professores de Escolas Rurais / Work and Education: A Case Study with Rural School Teachers / Trabajo y Educación: Un Estudio de Caso con Maestros de Escuelas Rurales

O presente artigo propõe analisar o contexto de trabalho dos professores de duas escolas rurais do interior do estado de São Paulo, com o intuito de demonstrar que o ambiente de trabalho pode estar relacionado aos riscos de adoecimento dos professores, considerando a perspectiva de saúde do trabalhador. Trata-se de um estudo de caso exploratório descritivo com enfoque quantitativo, que contou com a participação de 20 professores das duas escolas rurais. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram Questionário Sociodemográfico e Escala de Avaliação do Contexto de Trabalho (EACT), que abordam aspectos da organização, das condições de trabalho e das relações socioprofissionais. Os resultados apontaram para o nível crítico nos três fatores avaliados na escola "B", que indicaram aspectos tais como o número insuficiente de pessoas para realizar as tarefas, as tarefas repetitivas, entre outros. Na escola "A", o fator Organização do Trabalho foi avaliado de forma negativa, em itens como a falta de tempo para realizar a pausa de descanso e a rigidez das normas das tarefas. Esses aspectos revelam estado de preocupação nas escolas e merecem medidas de intervenção nesse ambiente a fim de minimizar riscos à saúde dos professores que atuam no contexto de escola rural. (AU)

This article proposes to analyze the work context of teachers who work at two rural schools in the country side of the state of São Paulo. It aims to demonstrate that the work environment may be related to the teachers' risk of illness according to the worker's health perspective. The study methodology consists in an exploratory descriptive case study with a quantitative focus, which counted on the participation of 20 teachers from both rural schools. The data collection instruments were a Sociodemographic Questionnaire and the Work Context Assessment Scale (EACT), which address the aspects of organization, working conditions as well as socio-professional relationships. The results pointed to a critical level with respect to the three evaluated factors in "B" school, indicating aspects such as the insufficient number of people to perform the tasks, which tend to be repetitive, among others factors. About the "A" school, the Work Organization factor was negatively assessed as the rest period tends to be short as well as the task rules tend to be very rigid. These aspects reveal a state of concern in schools and have shown the need of some intervention measures in this environment in order to minimize the risks to the health of the teachers who work at rural schools. (AU)

Este artículo propone analizar el contexto laboral de profesores de dos escuelas rurales del interior del estado de São Paulo, con el propósito de demostrar que el clima laboral puede estar relacionado con el riesgo de enfermedad de los profesores, considerando la perspectiva de salud del trabajador. Se trata de un estudio de caso, exploratorio, descriptivo con enfoque cuantitativo, con la participación de 20 profesores de las dos escuelas rurales. Los instrumentos de recopilación de datos fueron: Cuestionario Sociodemográfico y Escala de Evaluación del Contexto Laboral (EACT), que abordan aspectos de la organización, condiciones laborales y relaciones socioprofesionales. Los resultados apuntan al nivel crítico en los tres factores evaluados en la escuela "B", factores como: el número de personas es insuficiente para realizar las tareas, las tareas son repetitivas, entre otros. En la escuela "A" se valoró negativamente el factor Organización del Trabajo, ítems como: la falta de tiempo para tomar un descanso y la rigidez de las reglas de la tarea. Estos aspectos revelan un estado de preocupación en las escuelas y merecen medidas de intervención en el contexto para posibilitar un menor riesgo de salud para los profesores que trabajan en el contexto de escuela rural. (AU)

Association of Child Mental Health with Child and Family Characteristics in Rural China: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Assessing the mental health problems encountered by school children and understanding the contributing factors are crucial to inform strategies aimed at improving mental health in low-resource contexts. However, few studies have investigated the mental health problems among disadvantaged children in poorer countries. This study examines the prevalence of mental health problems in rural China and their association with child and family characteristics. The study uses survey data from 9696 children in 120 rural primary schools and measures child mental health using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Overall, 17.9% of the sample children were found to be in the abnormal range of the SDQ total difficulties scores. The mean score was 12.93 (SD = 4.94). Abnormal scores were associated with child and family characteristics, including older child age (Odds Ratio, OR = 0.704, 95% CI: 0.611, 0.810; p < 0.001), gender (OR = 1.235, 95% CI: 1.112, 1.371; p < 0.001), and academic performance (OR = 0.421, 95% CI: 0.369, 0.480; p < 0.001). Reading time was found to be protective for mental health. Risk factors include excessive screen time (OR = 1.685, 95% CI: 1.409, 2.016; p < 0.001) and being bullied (OR = 3.695, 95% CI: 3.301, 4.136; p < 0.001). Our study suggests that future mental health illness prevention programs in rural China should consider targeting different aspects of children's social contexts.

[The medical pedagogical prevention of deviant behavior in adolescents from disadvantaged family in conditions of rural school].

The article considers medical and pedagogical prevention of deviant behavior of adolescents from dysfunctional families in conditions of rural school, related to the need of strengthening targeted joint interaction of medical and pedagogical institutions. The description and results of testing of diagnostic tools used to establish severity of deviant behavior of children in a selected group is discussed. The interaction of medical and educational institutions in preventing deviant behavior of adolescents from dysfunctional families in rural school is of key importance for combating prevalence of drug addiction, tobacco smoking, alcohol abuse and psychoactive substances consumption, and contributing to physical and mental health promotion of younger generation, development of healthy lifestyle. The study was organized to cover cognitive, behavioral, affective and value-motivational components. The qualitative characteristics of levels of severity of deviant behavior of adolescents from dysfunctional families were developed and proposed for practice application.

Educação crítica libertadora para a sexualidade do adolescente na escola rural, na Colômbia e no Brasil / Critical education liberating for adolescent sexuality in rural schools in Colombia and Brazil

Introdução: a educação para sexualidade é um pilar fundamental da saúde sexual e reprodutiva dos adolescentes sendo discutida predominantemente no contexto das escolas urbanas. Pressupõe-se que existem elementos diferenciadores da sexualidade do adolescente inserido no contexto da escola rural e um distanciamento entre a educação para a sexualidade tradicional e as necessidades e desafios destes adolescentes. Objetivos: construir um processo educativo-libertador para a sexualidade dos adolescentes no contexto escolar rural, analisando a cultura, valores e saberes sobre a sexualidade dos adolescentes; identificando os elementos, singularidades e necessidades relacionadas com a sexualidade e promovendo o diálogo crítico da realidade da sexualidade no contexto da escola rural. Metodologia: foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa-ação de abordagem qualitativa, ancorada no referencial teórico-metodológico da educação crítica e libertadora de Paulo Freire. O cenário foi duas escolas de ensino fundamental e médio: uma localizada no distrito rural de Ipoema, Minas Gerais, Brasil e outra no município de Supatá, Cundinamarca, Colômbia. Foram implementadas as quatro fases do itinerário freiriano: investigação vocabular, tematização, problematização e avaliação por meio de sete círculos de cultura em cada escola. Participaram onze estudantes da escola brasileira e dezenove adolescentes da escola colombiana. Os dados foram produzidos no período de maio de 2017 a junho 2018, por meio de observação participante, grupos focais e mapa corporal na fase de avaliação. Para análise dos dados foi adotada a Análise Crítica do Discurso. Resultados: Há similaridades das duas escolas referentes às visões conservadoras e tradicionais sobre a sexualidade, com ausência de ações permanentes e falta de articulação entre área da saúde e educação para efetivar os processos educativos com caráter emancipador. O silenciamento foi identificado como prática social em torno da educação para a sexualidade, produzindo e reproduzindo vulnerabilidades corpóreas e sociais. A construção da sexualidade do adolescente é marcada, interdiscursivamente, pelo modelo biomédico, biológico e sexista, utilizando a tecnologia como forma de contestação frente às ausências e precariedades de um processo pedagógico crítico e libertador. As possiblidades de ruptura do silenciamento, das ideologias dominantes e a mudança de um ato esporádico, bancário e determinista para uma prática educativa crítica e democrática da sexualidade orientada pelo referencial de Paulo Freire em que o lúdico foi representativo, sendo os adolescentes protagonistas do processo. Conclusão: O processo educativo construído numa perspectiva ativa e crítica com os adolescentes, valorizando seus sonhos, opiniões, acolhendo suas dúvidas, sentimentos e medos apontou para uma ressignificação da educação para a sexualidade com potencial de transformação social e possibilitou uma pedagogia do corpo crítica e social. Neste aspecto coloca a sexualidade como uma dimensão humanizadora, reconhecendo os adolescentes como sujeitos criadores e agentes de mudança. Contribuições e recomendações: espera-se que os resultados contribuam para uma prática transformadora na educação para a sexualidade de adolescentes no contexto rural, no Brasil e na Colômbia, problematizando a formação de enfermeiros como agentes educadores para as populações na área rural e para a abordagem da sexualidade de forma crítica e libertadora; é preciso reeducar o conceito de sexualidade como dimensão humanizadora e avançar na discussão sobre como a tecnologia e a mídia interferem nos modos de vida e na construção da sexualidade dos adolescentes . Por fim, espera-se subsidiar discursos e práticassociais que superem os processos que usam o corpo e a sexualidade como dispositivos segregadores das infâncias e adolescências, retirando-lhes o direito de viver a saúde sexual e reprodutiva.(AU)

Introduction: Sex education is a fundamental pillar of adolescent sexual and reproductive health, which is predominantly discussed in the context of urban schools. It is assumed that there are different elements of adolescent sexuality in the context of rural schools that could create a gap between traditional sex education and the needs and challenges of these adolescents. Objective: This research aims to build an educational-liberating process for adolescent sexuality in the rural school context, analyzing the culture, values and knowledge around it; identifying the elements, singularities and needs related to sexuality and promoting the critical dialogue in the rural school context. Methodology: This study follows an active qualitative research anchored in Paulo Freire's theoretical-methodological framework of critical and liberating education. The scenario was two elementary and middle schools: the former located in the rural district of Ipoema, Minas Gerais, Brazil and the latter in the municipality of Supatá, Cundinamarca, Colombia. The four phases of the Freireian itinerary were implemented: vocabulary investigation, thematization, problematization and evaluation through seven culture circles in each school. Eleven students from the Brazilian school and nineteen teenagers from the Colombian school participated. Observations of the participants were carried out from May 2017 to June 2018, focusing on groups and body map in the evaluation phase. For data analysis, the Critical Discourse Analysis was adopted. Results: There are similarities between the two schools regarding the conservative and traditional views on sexuality, with the absence of permanent actions and the lack of connection between the health and education areas to effect the emancipatory educational processes. Silencing has been identified as a social practice around sex education, producing and reproducing health and social vulnerabilities. The construction of adolescent sexuality is interdiscursively marked by a biomedical, a biological and a sexist model, using technology as a way of fullfilling the absences and precariousness of a critical and liberating pedagogical process. The possibilities of breaking the silence, the dominant ideologies and the change from a sporadic, banking and deterministic act to a critical and democratic educational practice of sexuality guided by Paulo Freire's framework in which the playful was representative, being the adolescents protagonists of the process. Conclusion: The educational process built on an active and critical perspective with adolescents, valuing their dreams, opinions, welcoming their doubts, feelings and fears pointed to a resignification of sexuality education with the potential for social transformation and enabled a social and critical pedagogy of the body. In this respect, it places sexuality as a humanizing dimension, recognizing adolescents as creative subjects and agents of change. Contributions and recommendations: the results are expected to contribute to a transformative practice in adolescent sex education in the rural context in Brazil and Colombia, problematizing the training of nurses as educators for rural populations and the approach of sexuality in a critical and liberating way; It is necessary to re-educate the concept of sexuality as a humanizing dimension and to advance the discussion about how technology and the media interfere with the lifestyles and the construction of adolescent sexuality. Finally, we hope to subsidize social discourses and practices that surpass the processes that use the body and sexuality as segregating devices of childhood and adolescence, removing their right to live sexual and reproductive health.(AU)

Nutritional value of school meals and their contributions to energy and nutrient intakes of rural school children in Enugu and Anambra States, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Nutritional deficiencies among school children may hinge on inadequate nutrient intake. School meals should improve nutrient intakes by providing a third of recommended daily energy and nutrient intakes (RNI). The study aimed at evaluating school meals served in three rural schools to determine if they met one third of the RNI of the children. This will enhance meal planning. METHODS: Food samples (20 g) that constituted the school meals were collected for five consecutive days from three schools where school lunch programme was implemented. These were put in labelled small air tight plastic containers and stored in deep freezers in the Department of Home Science, Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The samples were analysed chemically using standard methods. Portion sizes of foods were obtained and the contributions made by these meals to the children's RNI were calculated. Results were presented in percentages and means ± standard deviations. RESULTS: The results showed that energy value of the meals ranged from 32.27 - 243.4 Kcal/100 g. The school meals contained carbohydrate (0.7 - 48.4 g), protein (0.69 - 12.6 g), vitamin C (0.7 - 8.22 mg), vitamin A (3.0 - 255.5 RE), iron (0.05 - 1.7 mg), calcium (3.0 -120 mg) and zinc (0.14 - 3.0 mg) per 100 g of food consumed. They contributed 16.4 - 25.5% energy, 53.4 - 116.9% protein, 66.0 - 159.5% vitamin A, 37.3 - 45.7% vitamin C, 13.2 - 28.5% calcium, 5.9 - 20.6% iron and 35.1 - 92.9% zinc to the children's daily requirements. CONCLUSION: The school meals provided over one third of the RNI for protein, vitamins A and C, and zinc but did not meet a third of the RNI for energy, calcium and iron.

A comparison of problem identification interviews conducted face-to-face and via videoconferencing using the consultation analysis record.

School psychologists who experience challenges delivering face-to-face consultation may utilize videoconferencing to facilitate their consultation activities. Videoconferencing has been found to be an effective method of service delivery in related fields and emerging research suggests that it may be effective for providing teacher training and support in school settings. In this exploratory investigation, we used the Consultation Analysis Record (Bergan & Tombari, 1975) and its four indices to assess the effectiveness of conducting problem identification interviews via videoconferencing versus face-to-face. Overall, findings indicated significant differences across these two conditions, with videoconference interviews coded as having higher indices of content relevance, process effectiveness, and message control, but lower content focus, compared to face-to-face interviews. As these indices have been positively associated with favorable consultation outcomes, the results provide initial support for the effectiveness of consultation delivered via videoconferencing.

Perceptions of Asthma Quality of Life in Children and Parent Dyads in Two Rural Counties in West Virginia.

This study examines perceived quality of life (QOL) in a convenience sample of children (aged 7-11) with asthma and their parents from two schools in rural West Virginia. Forty-nine child-parent dyads representing 25 males and 24 females completed the study. The PedsQL™ 3.0 Asthma Module was utilized to separately measure child and parent perceptions of various dimensions of pediatric, asthma-specific, health-related QOL. Dimensions of the tool were scored separately and included symptoms, treatment, worry, and communication. The mean module dimension scores for children ranged from 63.27 to 80.47 and for parents, the range was from 61.26 to 79.79, with higher scores indicating higher QOL. Parents of male children perceived their son's QOL to be higher than that of female children in the symptoms and treatment dimensions. Strong relationships occurred between the child's worry and the other three dimensions as well as between the symptoms and the treatment dimensions. For the dyads, the only significant relationship was between the child and the adult treatment dimensions. With the well-documented burden of asthma in school-aged populations, information regarding the QOL of child and parent dyads will enhance school nurses' ability to improve health and educational outcomes in schools.

Physical activity levels and obesity status of Oregon Rural Elementary School children.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between physical activity (PA, min/school-day) at school and body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)) among rural elementary-aged children. METHODS: Height (cm), weight (kg), and PA were measured for 1767 children (5-12 years) enrolled in six rural Oregon elementary schools in fall, 2013. PA at school was measured over four days using Walk4Life pedometers. Children with ≥ 3 valid monitoring days (n = 1482) were included in analyses. Means (min/d) were calculated for wear time, total PA (TPA: combined light, moderate, vigorous PA), and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA: step count > 120/min). BMI z-scores were calculated and regression models were run to examine the relationship between PA and BMI z-scores, adjusting for wear time, sex, and grade. RESULTS: Overweight (38.1%: BMI ≥ 85(th) percentile for age and sex) and obesity (19.4%: BMI ≥ 95(th) percentile) prevalence was similar for boys (n = 782) and girls (n = 700). More MVPA was associated with lower BMI (P < 0.001), independent of sex, wear time or grade. Mean MVPA was 18.9 +/- 8 min/d, versus 15.2 +/- 6.7 min/d for healthy-weight and obese children, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Children are not meeting minimum MVPA recommendations (60 min/d) during school hours. Efforts to promote PA for obesity prevention in rural elementary schools should focus on increasing opportunities for MVPA.